The Israeli-Palestinian Conflict Essay examples -- Threats to World Pea

The region of the Middle East frequently referred to as Palestine has long been the site of overmuch conflict. In recent years, a major effort on the part of the International community has been employed in an attempt to bring ataraxis to the lush region, yet every time two-eyed violet accords seem to be at hand, everything falls apart. In order to fully understand the enmity that keeps causing peace talks to break down, one must look at the roots from which the conflict stems. If the root of the issue can be clearly devised, then movements towards peace in the region will be much more succinct.Palestinian Development Under Turkish RuleIssues concerning Palestines development in socio-cultural and religious terms begin to become apparent to the modern world once the Turkish Empire moved into the region. The Seljuk Turks, a Muslim group, took restrict of Jerusalem in 1071. Their rule was characterized by struggles with the Christian crusaders of Europe. Seeking to better th eir own position, another group of Turks, the Fatimids (from Egypt) allied themselves with the crusaders, but were later betrayed. The betrayal light-emitting diode to the capture of Jerusalem and Jaffa in 1099 along with the slaughter of many Jewish and Muslim defenders at the hands of the Christian Crusaders. The Muslim leader, Saladin, attacked and gained control of Jerusalem in the end evicting the Crusaders in 1291. His particular Muslim group was known as the Mamelukes, who were originally soldier-slaves of the Arabs. While their empire was far reaching, including Palestine, it was comprised primarily of Arab-speaking Muslims, although Jews from Spain and the surrounding Mediterranean area began to calm down in and around Jerusalem in the late 1300s.With the defeat... ...4). What is the evidence that the United Nations is biased against Israel?. http//palestinefacts.org/pf_faq_palestine_un_anti_israel_bias.phpPalestine Facts. (2004). What is the history and status of US support of Israel?. http//palestinefacts.org/pf_ 1991to_now_israel_us_support.phpPalestine, region, Asia. The Columbia Encyclopedia. sixth Ed. http//www.bartleby.com/65/pa/Palestin.htmlPassfield White Paper. http//palestinefacts.org/pf_mandate_whitepaper_1930.phpPipes, Daniel. (2001) The Muslim Claim to Jerusalem. The Middle East Quarterly.Vol 84. http//www.meforum.org/article/490United Nations. The Plan Of Partition And hold back Of The British Mandate. The Question of Palestine and the United Nations. http//www.un.org/Depts/dpi/palestine/ch2.pdfUnited Nations. Question of Palestine. http//www.un.org/Depts/dpa/ngo/history.html

Alices Adventures in Wonder Land, James and the Giant Peach Essay

Alices Adventures in Wonder Land, James and the Giant PeachAlices Adventures in Wonderland was written by Lewis Carroll in1865. It was written for children and is a story of a twelve year oldgirl who falls down a rabbit hole. On her adventures, the protagonist,Alice, comes crosswise some(prenominal) weird and wonderful scenes, sites andcharacters. She comes across many creatures and animals withanthropomorphic behaviour. The entire story is set in a strange worldof continuous change.James and the Giant Peach, written by Roald Dahl in 1965, is as well abook written for children. It is about a boy called James, who is alsothe protagonist and is also a similar age as Alice, and he comesacross a huge peach. This peach contains giant insects, which talk.There are several similarities between these two stories, includingthe fact that the protagonist is a child who goes through charming andstrange scenes that are packed with fantasy and wonder. Also, thecharacters that they meet along th eir way are, in both stories,creatures and animals who behave anthropomorphically.James is taken through many adventures and situations of big(p)excitement. He lives in and lives off the peach which he has becomestranded upon whilst floating at sea. Eventually, in the climax of thestory, the peach ends out flying everywhere New York City with the aid ofSeagulls. This is a modern childs story, and even with a centurybetween the publishing of James and Alice, the two stories areincredibly resembling in scene structure and character relevance.In both stories there are wonderful but bizarre characters thatinfluence the story and how it develops. In Alice, a strong influenceof the story is the Cheshire Cat. Using riddles a... ...er influence, I have come to the conclusion thatAlices Adventures in Wonderland simply isnt as enjoyed bychildren as it used to be. It is also out of the ordinary and merelyunbelievable. Fantasy works with the imagination, but this story isjust too fantastic al. The introduction of the animated film has alsodiscouraged children from narration the book, because not as much efforthas to be put in just to understand whats happening. This is the casewith modern stories as well. For example, the Harry Potter stories arereleased as films as well as in books, yet many children still enjoyand are inspired to depict the books as well as watching the films.Basically Alices Adventures in Wonderland has passed its time, andin the modern day requires too much concentrating, hard work and deepthought to be enjoyed. Easily read stories, are easily enjoyed.

An Analysis of Baldwins, Sonnys Blues :: Sonnys Blues Essays

An Analysis of Baldwins, Sonnys Blues Sipiora identifies the critcal issues in Sonnys Blues with the roughage giving his self-reflections. Sipiora also says that literary characters sometimes perceive or not perceive the relationships or circumstances. We also have to judge characters in how they react to other characters whether they acted in good faith or not in good faith. We have to read ourselves when we read literature if the character is being objective looking for personal qualities in a character when they come in contact with another character or is the character looking at another character in a judgemental, stereotypical, or preconceived way of thinking. Also is the character allowed the opportunity to care the similar things that are in common with another character or characters in the story. The main thing in reading literature in an estimable Criticism is to take note on how a character interacts with another character or characters in a story. Also, take note on relationships of wizard character with another character. In Sonnys Blues, the narrator is self-reflecting his experiences with various family members such as his mother and his younger brother, Sonny. Sonny and the narrator are brothers with a 7 social class difference between them. The narrator was disappointed with Sonny at first due to his interest in becoming a musician. He thought it was a phase he was Sonny was going through and maybe it would pass. The older brother patronized Sonny with his insincere interest in music at first until it angered Sonny and he told his brother dont do me no favors(82). The narrator had a judgemental, stereotype, predetermined way of thinking when it came to his past. The narrators thoughts and feelings were cruel and hard for the dose addict childhood friend of Sonnys when he told him he did not want to hear his sad story(81). Yet, he realized they both have something in common. The narrator has Sonnys drug addiction and the friend has his own addiction to deal with. The narrator realized that everyone has a sad story. When Sonny was trying to express how he felt on the inside and reveal his drug abuse, the narrator did not want to accept his younger brothers drug abuse and he kept putting them away. I told myself that Sonny was wild, but he wasnt crazy(79). Just as Sonny felt alone and helpless, he could not talk about it to anyone.

Learning to Become Literate :: essays research papers fc

Learning to Become LiterateIn every literate society, people constantly see the surpass way to teach pip-squeakren how to read and write so that the younger generation can become fully functioning members of that society. (Savage 15) This is obviously an important goal of any society that wants their children to be well educated and succeed in the world. Learning to be literate is a very important developmental milestone that is accept cross-culturally. Its social importance is shown in the particular that in school literacy makes up 2/3 of the three Rs. (Savage 15)When becoming literate the or so important thing a child can learn is that they can in fact learn in the way their school wants them to. They can be part of the school society and feel like they fit in with their friends who use literacy to communicate and play. The bond between the teacher and the taught is strengthened exploration, discovery, ambition and consummation expand and flourish. (Meek 1) Reading and pen opens up a new world of opportunities for children and therefore is continuous research being done in order to understand that the best methods of teaching our children are implemented. However studies show that a large percentage of this milestone occurs before formal education is ever begun. (McLane and McNamee 4) 2The fact that we wait so long to start to teach our children literacy is absurd. Teaching reading and writing should be done to all children in day care facilities, child development centers as well as head start programs and preschools. We cannot however just take the programs currently used in first grade classes and turn over them to children in day cares and preschools. These would be developmentally inappropriate. (Strickland and Morrow 5) The program used for these younger learners must be based around meaningful activities that involve reading and writing in a wide variety of ways. The children should want to participate in the literate society that they are surrounded by everyday in their classroom, ingleside and community. If this is accomplished there will automatically be a connection between literacy and experience, which is very beneficial to the learning process. Most importantly in the earlier childhood literacy curriculum that we apply the focus should always be on the childs learning and not on the teaching. (6)Since a large portion of learning to become literate occurs prior to formal education parents need to be aware of what they can do before their children reach school age.

IBM Selling Plan :: GCSE Business Marketing Coursework

IBM Selling PlanExecutive SummaryWe have selected IBM as a prospective buyer for Nidecs spindle motors. For the prehistorical several months, Nidec has been the fillet of sole supplier of cooling fans for the production of IBMs servers. Using this strong relationship as a base, we will present three main reasons for IBM to use Nidec as a supplier for spindle motors as well.First, Nidec is able to charge a lower price than competitors. This feature is possible because Nidecs 70% spindle motor market share allows the company to achieve economies of scale. Second, Nidec is committed to pursuing a double-win philosophy with its customers. IBM can count on Nidec to provide the best solution to its galore(postnominal) design and production problems. Nidec will work with IBM and IBMs suppliers to facilitate the design and production of new products. Finally, Nidec places primary focus on the quality of its products from design to delivery. With iodin of the lowest DPPMs in the industry , Nidec has demonstrated its ability and dedication to maintaining a lofty level of consistency and reliability. We are scheduled to give a presentment to a commodity manager and commodity engineer from IBMs hard disk drive department on February 22, 2000. This presentation will be persuasive in nature. It has one primary objective closing the sale By closing the sale, we mean securing a two-year agreement with IBM to purchase spindle motors simply from Nidec. If this objective cannot be met, we are confident that we will at least be able to secure a visit to Nidecs site in San Jose. A plant visit would surely convince IBM that Nidec offers the best solution.Customer BackgroundCustomer ProfileIBM is the worlds leading information applied science company. From its beginning in 1890, the company has had a history of providing innovative solutions to complex problems. One of the more recent of IBMs innovations is its server technology. IBM is widely known for producing high qualit y and powerful servers for a variety of businesses, including retail, manufacturing, finance, distribution, health, legal, transportation, insurance and education (www.ibm.com/servers/). IBM produces dozens of different types of servers comprising five separate categories AS/400, Netfinity, NUMA-Q, RS/6000, and S/390. These servers are sold in more than 120 countries and can run on over 49 different languages (www.ibm.com/servers). They are adaptable to multiple platforms, and are compatible with thousands of software programs. During the past several years, IBM has spent billions of dollars incorporating the most advanced technological capabilities into its servers.

IBM Selling Plan :: GCSE Business Marketing Coursework

IBM Selling PlanExecutive SummaryWe have selected IBM as a prospective emptor for Nidecs spindle motors. For the past several months, Nidec has been the sole supplier of cooling fans for the production of IBMs servers. Using this strong relationship as a base, we impart present three main reasons for IBM to use Nidec as a supplier for spindle motors as well.First, Nidec is able to charge a lower price than competitors. This give birth is possible because Nidecs 70% spindle motor market share allows the company to achieve economies of scale. Second, Nidec is committed to pursuing a double-win philosophy with its customers. IBM can deliberate on Nidec to provide the best solution to its many design and production problems. Nidec will work with IBM and IBMs suppliers to facilitate the design and production of new products. Finally, Nidec places primary winding focus on the quality of its products from design to delivery. With one of the lowest DPPMs in the industry, Nidec has demo nstrated its ability and dedication to maintaining a high level of unison and reliability. We are scheduled to give a presentation to a commodity manager and commodity engineer from IBMs hard disk drive subdivision on February 22, 2000. This presentation will be persuasive in nature. It has one primary objective closing the sale By closing the sale, we mean securing a two-year agreement with IBM to purchase spindle motors exclusively from Nidec. If this objective cannot be met, we are confident that we will at least be able to inviolate a visit to Nidecs site in San Jose. A plant visit would surely convince IBM that Nidec offers the best solution.Customer BackgroundCustomer writeIBM is the worlds leading information technology company. From its beginning in 1890, the company has had a history of providing innovative solutions to complex problems. One of the more late(a) of IBMs innovations is its server technology. IBM is widely known for producing high quality and powerful ser vers for a variety of businesses, including retail, manufacturing, finance, distribution, health, legal, transportation, insurance and education (www.ibm.com/servers/). IBM produces dozens of different types of servers comprising five severalize categories AS/400, Netfinity, NUMA-Q, RS/6000, and S/390. These servers are sold in more than 120 countries and can run on over 49 different languages (www.ibm.com/servers). They are adjustable to multiple platforms, and are compatible with thousands of software programs. During the past several years, IBM has spent billions of dollars incorporating the most advanced technological capabilities into its servers.

Periodic Performance Review

Periodic Performance Review A Periodic Performance Review is a compliance evaluation instrument apply to assist organizations with their ongoing observation of performance and routine development consummations. The PPR is an outlines for constant standards compliance and concentrations on the direction and processes that affect patient precaution and care. Noncompliant Trends The vocalise Commission medical staff standards defines evaluation standards, the commission pushes hospitals toward unbiased and evidence-based decisions in credentialing and privileging.In this scenario the rules and policies are clearly mapped out, yet they are not being aright followed. The verbal order audit results seem to have no consistency. These standards now outdate a lot of hospital policies and practices prevailing equally internal and external mate review, and call for a comprehensive revision to comply with Joint Commission performance evaluations. The month of March is the highest, while Au gust is the lowest month. The months in amidst were about the same from eighty-deuce to eighty-eight. The issue that take to be address is what took place between March and August.After carefully looking over the charts provided for both(prenominal) 3 & 4-east, there isnt a huge indicator that supports the similarity for move vs. nursing care hours per patient. November and April were the only two months that a noticeable improvement was made, significance the nursing hours increased and the falls decreased. Although, the very next month the falls increased drastically, it went from two to eleven falls, while only one hour was increased. Staffing Patterns The safety and quality of patient care is honestly correlated to the size and experience of the staff.These working conditions have deteriorated in this facility because the hospitals have not kept up with the growing demand for medical staff. The Joint Commission along with some state regulations measures some bare minimum le vel of staffing that all hospitals must decorous regardless of the types and severity of patients. Pressure ulcer preponderance vs. nursing care hours was more of a parallel comparison, as the staffing hours increased the pressure ulcer prevalence decreased. While the intensive care unit was very noticeable in relating the falls vs. ours. In September when the nursing hours per patients dropped it was evident that the number of patient falls increased and they came was with VAP vs. hours. The corrective action plan should take this data into consideration to improve the staffing model, to also decrease patient falls which was be shown through this generator cause analysis. The hospital requires at least one fire drill per shift per quarter. It seems that only the 1st shift is in compliance. Both the 2nd and third shift have no rhyme or rhythm to how they are conducting the fire drills.This needs to be address immediately by a component of management. Also, a manager or assistant should be required for scheduling the fire drill and must sign off on completion. Moderate drugging Monthly Audit is overall in the ninety percentile there are still many areas for improvement. Any of the area that was below the ninety mark is an area for opportunity. Such as Mallampati Classification, ASA, Sedation Plan. Reassessment, and oxygen saturation monitored for thirty minutes, all of these area were below ninety percent for all for quarters.Therefore, its a trend that needs to be addressed. The number of falls in the 4-East wings is disturbing when its put next to the targeted number, this is unacceptable. A substitute process that has the mishap to improve staffing issues and improve payment to hospitals would be to frankly connect the costs and billing for inpatient health care with hospital reimbursement. The action plan needs to provide that appropriate equilibrium and to make sure that the correct nurse is providing the right care to every one of the patients.Staffi ng Plan There are two sides to the staffing issues. One side would be the nurses point to confirmation linking quality patient care to higher nurse-to-patient staffing ratios. While the other side would be hospital economical teams are being asked to discover ways to improve manage costs in expectation of declining expenditure under health development. The argument is not new. nursing and financial management have had long debates on how to staff efficiently and make certain the right number/mix of nurses to meet patient needs.An action plan needs to be put into place and monitored extremely closely by a member of management. There is no reason why they really and targeted number are so off track. A patient care assistant should be there to assist patients with movements, especially for those patients who have a register of falls or injuries. Reviewing the overall hospital falls and injuries I noticed that its closer to the targeted number, but there are still many areas for dev elopment. The tracing is that hospital must address conflict of interest when credentialing, privileging and conducting peer reviews of physicians.

Application of Forensic Psychology within a trial: R vs. Golds

IntroductionBefore delving into the applications and relevant theories in Forensic Psychology in this case, it is commencement ceremony necessary to summarise the particulars of this case. This will conquer for the cause to be objectively assessed, and whence broken down as the empirical evidence provided by the field of Forensic Psychology pertains to specific pips. This will consent to for the pass savvy of various aspects of the evidence on both sides to be assessed, which may result in a re-evaluation of the boilers suit verdict. The psychological evidence will then be evaluated within the relevant theoretical framework, and these theories will in turn be critically analysed so that the degree to which the relevant findings and theories of forensic psychology can be used to interpret the meaning and pack of evidence in this case can be evaluated. The suspect was gyped of murdering his married woman, but appealed against conviction on the yard that he was suffering fro m a mental illness and therefore was impaired comfortingly enough to meet the criteria for manslaughter, not murder. The appeal was dismissed. Although the suspect admitted killing his wife he did not give evidence at the trial, stating that he was not in a fit mental state. A voir dire by a medical apt, B, attested to the fact that the defendant ought not to give evidence due to his mental state, and when recounting this to the jury the assay ruled that no unfortunate inference should be drawn from this. The judge did however not allow evidence from B to be given at the trial. The evidence in retain of the defence force was given by three expert medical witnesses all attesting to the deteriorating mental state of the defence and that the criteria for diminished responsibility were satisfied. No medical witness disputed this. Evidence admitted by the judge against the defence came from the defendants daughter, S, who recounted a conversation in which the defendant admitted assaulting the victim on a earlier occasion. This was taken as evidence of the defendants bad character. During the trial there was some discussion of the definition of the term substantially impaired the defence counsel defined the term as anything more than uselessly impaired but the judge refused this definition and declined to give the jury any further guidance as to the levelheaded definition of this term. A verdict of manslaughter would suggest that the defendant was not able to fully understand the nature of what he was doing, make a rational last and exercise self-control (Morse, 2003). Of course the legal definition of substantially impaired is also relevant as it is defined by the English Homicide Act (1957) substantial impairment is constituted either by a common sense standard or by any degree of impairment which is more than trivial but less than total (Prevezer, 1957). Whether the defendant reaches the threshold for these definitions of substantially impaired will decide whether he is convicted of manslaughter or murder. One issue raised by the defendant in the appeal was that although the judge did explicitly state that the jury was not to draw any condemning inference from the defendants want of testimony, he failed to remind the jury that Ss evidence should be determineed with caution, because the defendant was not able to give any account of the alleged conversation. jibe to the literature in forensic psychology there could be valid grounds to this claim, however the claim itself could also be redundant entirely. This is because jurors do so evidently find it difficult to evaluate the weight of evidence and draw inferences appropriately (Thomas and Hogue, 1976). Thomas and Hogue (1976) developed a stopping point-making model for jurors, showing broadly that the weight jurors will ascribe to evidence varies across the population according to a variety of factors relevant to the characteristics of the jury. In this model the finding t hreshold which defines whether the jury votes for the plaintiff or defendant varies little across the population but may vary between cases and be affected by factors such as book of book of instructions to jurors. This latter point is very all-important(prenominal) because it addresses the effect that instructions to the jury can have, even a small effect could have made a substantial difference to the way the jury regarded evidence. Evidence suggests that this is particularly the case with emotionally-charged evidence which is liable(p) to this case, Cush and Delahunty (2006) found that mock jurors who received no pre-evidence instructions to consider emotionally evocative evidence (gruesome photographs) dispassionately or with caution gave more verdicts in favour of the victim and scored higher on measures of victim compassion and horror negativity than did jurors who did receive such instruction. Embedded within cognitive theory this evidence supports the defendants positio n on this point without all of the pertinent evidence with the appropriate weights the juror as a sense-making machine would not be able to reach an informed decision (Pennington and Hastie, 1991). The heuristics and biases approach (Griffin, Gonzalez and V ary, 2001) views decision-making, thought and comprehension as vulnerable to various cognitive biases and distortions from mental archetypes. One such source of bias has been dubbed WYSIATI, or what you see is all there is. This notion is important in a forensic mise en scene because the jury will naturally find it difficult to take into account evidence that is not readily presented to them (Neal and Grisso, 2014) peculiarly when presented with material evidence which contradicts it. Another point to consider is the value of Ss evidence factors which may be important to consider are the old age of the witness (Ceci, Ross and Toglia, 1987), the power of hindsight and the nature of reconstructive computer entrepot (Leippe, 198 0). According to a retrieval theory of memory, recognition and recall styles of memory are possible by dint of a resonance-style spreading-activation pattern of retrieval attempts (Ratcliff, 1978). When a search of memory in this way is performed, certain archetypes or contextual information and assumptions about the objects in memory may fill in gaps or add meaning depending on the age of the witness this may be even more important, because young children are more susceptible to such biases (Ceci, Ross and Toglia, 1987 Leippe, 1980). There may have been subtleties in the alleged conversation with the defendant which would reinterpret the meaning, especially in light of the defendants alleged mental illness which S could have missed in her memory of the conversation. Even if the judge had instructed the jury to treat Ss evidence with caution though, the question is what effect would this have had on the verdict. The answer would seem to be that even though it may have changed the j urys perception of the evidence (Cush and Delahunty, 2006), this would not have substantially affected the verdict because the evidence of S was of limited significance in the first place because of the expertness of other evidence that the defendant had abused the victim. A cognitive decision-makin framework would see people evaluating this evidence overall in favour of the victim (Pennington and Hastie, 1991). In addition to this it was made clear to the jury that the case of the defendant was that he had not abused the victim. This makes it a somewhat trivial point in the overall case. Cognitive theory is utilitarian in the context of forensic psychology because it provides a framework for the decision-making process to be understood, and an opportunity for the value of evidence to be quantified. The theory does view human beings as rational agents who are able to objectively consider evidence, simply adding superfluous weight to emotional evidence. This could be seen as reduct ionist as it ignores a wealth of human experience and much of the cultural meaning inherent in cases such as this one. The spreading-activation theory of memory also has its opponents. Some memory researchers prefer to view memory errors as arising from consolidation or encoding errors (Squire and Alvarez, 1995). Both are useful in a forensic psychology context but it is important to remember that the evidence is interpreted theoretically, and there must restrained be a weight designate to evidence based on theory. It must therefore be acknowledged that the interpretation of evidence is at least somewhat arbitrary based on these theories. A second point in the appeal was that the judge was supposedly wrong to not allow the evidence of B to go before the jury. The value of expert witnesses is debateable in the literature, assuming that their professional opinions within their fields are valid and reliable, the problem arises with the effect their testimony has on the jury. Expert t estimony unremarkably affects the credence that the jury gives to the testimony or stance of the individuals being evaluated, and in this case the evidence of B may well have contributed to the judges decision to instruct the jury to draw no condemning inference from the defendants lack of testimony. Due to certain cognitive biases, the message an expert tries to convey may not be received by the jury as intended, which may vindicate the judges decision to not allow Bs testimony. Jury members will often ascribe disproportionate impact to expert testimony (Krafka, Dunn, Johnson, Cecil et al., 2002), meaning the intended message is exaggerated or otherwise distorted resulting in jurors who may believe something contrary to what the literature on mental illness suggests. B had stated that the defendant was not in a fit state to give testimony, and attested to the reality of his mental illness and deteriorating mental state despite the usage of antipsychotic medication. This last point may be of particular importance because members of the general everyday may not have a full understanding of the research into the effects of antipsychotics (Jorm, Korten, Rodgers, Pollitt et al., 1997) which B presumably did have. If the jury believed that antipsychotics could cure the defendants mental illness then this could lead to them drawing a condemning inference. The weight that Bs evidence would have had is in question though because of the already substantial amount of evidence in support of the existence and chronic worsening of the defendants mental illness. This is an issue because if the jury was already convinced that the defendant was indeed mentally ill at the time of the killing and still voted to convict the defendant of murder then the impact Bs evidence may have had is a moot point. The only remaining question is whether Bs testimony would have added anything to the testimony of the other experts due to the voir dire examination. It does seem unlikely that th e testimony of B would have differed significantly from the other experts, and due to the evidence suggesting that the individual persuasive ability of experts has more of an impact on jurors than the content of their message (Bank and Poythress, 1982) the judge was probably right to not allow the additional expert testimony. A criticism of most of this research is that it mostly uses mock jurors, and also the mock cases obviously involved different experts and circumstances to the one in question. This means that the effect may be more or less pronounced in this scenario, but the evidence is from a very relevant context and is extremely likely to still be useful. The only potential problem lies in the participants not taking the mock case as seriously as they would a real case. The general population may not have a good understanding of mental illness or mental cogency as these terms are defined in legal discourse (Jorm, 2000) which did necessitate at least some expert testimony. Another point is that the judge did not give any contrasting definition for the term substantially impaired when the defence counsel offered the definition of anything impairment more than trivial. Although this was submitted as grounds for appeal, the evidence suggests that if anything this point would have resulted in the jurors adopting a standard of impairment that was too liberal by legal standards. This is because jurors and indeed people in general are not as able to disregard presented information as readily as most people believe (Lieberman and Arndt, 2000). According to theories in social psychology, hindsight bias and belief perseverance can lead to jurors actually relying on inadmissible evidence more than other evidence (Lieberman and Arndt, 2000). This is very useful research in this context because it highlights the importance of presented information the definition offered by the defence counsel will be given inappropriate attention. Since the verdict was still to co nvict, this suggests strongly that the court was right to dismiss the appeal. In light of the strength of the evidence and theory reviewed and the applications in this case, it is clear that the second and third points submitted by the defendant in the appeal were properly rebuffed by the judge, in fact the evidence suggests that these issues would have worked in the defendants favour if the judge had responded differently. As for the first point, it appears from the research that any effect on jury perception would be negligible, although there is some conflict in the literature as to the effect of instructions of limitation from the judge.ReferencesMorse, S. J. (2003). Diminished rationality, diminished responsibility. Ohio St. J. Crim. L., 1, 289. Prevezer, S. (1957). The English Homicide Act A New Attempt to Revise the Law of Murder. Columbia Law Review, 624-652. Thomas, E. A., & Hogue, A. (1976). Apparent weight of evidence, decision criteria, and confidence ratings in juror de cision making. Psychological Review,83(6), 442. Cush, R. K., & Delahunty, J. G. (2006). The influence of limiting instructions on processing and judgments of emotionally evocative evidence. Psychiatry, Psychology and Law, 13(1), 110-123. Griffin, D., Gonzalez, R., & Varey, C. (2001). The heuristics and biases approach to judgment under uncertainty. Blackwell handbook of social psychology Intraindividual processes, 1, 207-235. Neal, T., & Grisso, T. (2014). The cognitive underpinnings of bias in forensic mental health evaluations. Psychology, Public Policy, and Law, 20(2), 200. Pennington, N., & Hastie, R. (1991). Cognitive theory of juror decision making The story model, A. Cardozo L. Rev., 13, 519. Ceci, S. J., Ross, D. F., & Toglia, M. P. (1987). Suggestibility of childrens memory Psycholegal implications. Journal of Experimental Psychology General, 116(1), 38. Leippe, M. R. (1980). Effects of integrative memorial and cognitive processes on the correspondence of eyewitness true statement and confidence. Law and Human behavior, 4(4), 261. Ratcliff, R. (1978). A theory of memory retrieval. Psychological review, 85(2), 59. Alba, J. W., & Hasher, L. (1983). Is memory schematic?. Psychological Bulletin, 93(2), 203. Bank, S. C., & Poythress Jr, N. G. (1982). Elements of Persuasion in Expert Testimony, The. J. Psychiatry & L., 10, 173. Jorm, A. F. (2000). Mental health literacy Public knowledge and beliefs about mental disorders. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 177(5), 396-401. Lieberman, J. D., & Arndt, J. (2000). Understanding the limits of limiting instructions Social psychological explanations for the failures of instructions to disregard pretrial forwarding and other inadmissible evidence. Psychology, Public Policy, and Law, 6(3), 677. Squire, L. R., & Alvarez, P. (1995). Retrograde amnesia and memory consolidation a neurobiological perspective. Current opinion in neurobiology,5(2), 169-177. Jorm, A. F., Korten, A. E., Rodgers, B., Pollitt, P., Jacomb, P . A., Christensen, H., & Jiao, Z. (1997). Belief systems of the general public concerning the appropriate treatments for mental disorders. Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology, 32(8), 468-473.

Animal Lane Cattery Information Technology System Essay

The Animal Lane Cattery, a privately owned small business, needs an efficient, updateable, expandable, easily accessible information system to raceway and document clients needs for boarding/grooming services. The objective is to jut and develop a system that fulfils the needs of the Cattery. An effective electronic filing system provide eliminate lost paperwork, minimize errors, and provide a method for quality customer service. I will be designing and making the system that we ingest for the Cattery.As the Cattery has expanded its boarding and grooming services to accommodate a total of 15 cats in separate pens, an increase in customer complaints postulate been received concerning the Catterys inaccurate and time-consuming tracking of specific client information.This inefficiency means that clients drive to give an update of their felines information to the Catterys staff and has resulted in service errors. At the moment, they use a flatbed database, which only allows you to work with one table open at any time. The Cattery has considered victimisation a pen and paper system, writing things out manually and storing information on paper, but a more efficient system would be a relational database. Their ideal system is a relational database, and this will allow them to live with macros, reports, queries, and searches based on the information needed. This, in that respectfore, is the system that I will be developing for the Catterys usage.ObjectivesThe user needs to be able to- clear the information-search for specific information-print out receipts for clientsAlternatives in that location are many relational database packages I could have chosen to work with, but I have decided to use the database package Microsoft chafe because I have great take to be for Bill Gates and also, Microsoft Access is an older program, therefore any bugs in the system will hopefully have been fixed and the package improved.I could have used Microsoft Works, but there cann ot be any more than one table open at a time, and it is necessary that I have quadruple tables.UsersThe users of this database will be the Catterys staff- full and part-time employees responsible for the care and grooming of the cats. The Office Staff will be able to side and slue the data, whereas the Grooming Staff will only view the information they need.ANALYSISThe software I decided to use here is Microsoft Access to create and view the database. The hardware needed is a keyboard to enter data, a mouse, a printer to print out the receipts, and the computer monitor. All data will be fruit using the printer.I will need to ensure that there is becoming memory for a relational database to function. This should not be a problem, as Microsoft Access (which I have chosen to use) does not require that much memory space, and there will be plenty of space available on their agency computer, which, other than the necessary software components, will be used solely for the database us ed for the storing of data and the running of the Cattery.Backup copies of data will be stored on tape. The tape needs to be clearly labeled and stored in a water-tight case inside a fire-proof storage box away from the initial blood of data, in case of fire or flood that may damage the computer that contains the original data. Using floppy disks as a form of condescension was considered, but the database is relatively large and updated on a daily basis, so the floppy disks will not have a capacity large enough to adequately store the data.Data collectionThe data will be collected from the clients using a form that they will fill in bounteous the information needed by the Cattery.The fields required will be on the data capture form given to clients. These will be in the form of questions, such as the ones below-What is the cats name and owners contact information?-What is the cats vets contact number (in case of emergency)?-What is the cats meal schedule?-What are the boarding dr op-off and pick-up dates?-What are the cats grooming requirements?There will doubtless be other questions that the staff will need to know the answers to.To update the data, I will need to remove certain clients information and replace it with new data when the first cats are collected. The printed data will be the reports when a search is started, and a second report to give as a receipt to customers when they collect their pet.DESIGNTwo tables will be developed owner information and services. The link between the two tables is the owner code. each owner has only one address, but multiple cats may reside at the same address. Each cat has personal service needs even if it shares the same owner as another. The client names and cat names will not be used as key fields because there might be multiple clients with the same names or cat names. Office staff at the Cattery may view and modify the data in both tables, and the grooming staff may view data.Following are the hand-drawn designs of the database. First are the initial rough designs to show the basic layout of the database. I will then give a data capture form (next page) to one of the users (an office staff person) asking what things they think could be done better and how the design of the database could be improved to make using it easier. The users comments will then be taken into account when making the final designs of the database, detailed so that anybody could create the same database that I will be making for the Cattery.Final Users Comments(after having reviewed the initial designs)How effective do you think the designs will be?What do you think could be improved, from what you have seen of the initial designs?What is lacking from the database (if anything)?Other commentsIMPLEMENTATIONOn the following pages are the print screens of the way the Catterys database was created (tables, forms, queries, reports, macro code etc).EVALUATIONThe original objectives outlined in my Identification stage were m et. The Cattery now has a useful and fast system to find and store their clients information, to view and search for specific information, and to print out things like receipts for clients.After having reviewed the owners comments and compared to the things I have changed, I feel I have improved the database enough for him to be comfortable with using it. I took in to account the things he mentioned about needing designs for reports and queries, and lessening vagueness of some designs.I feel I have achieved my objective in making the Cattery an effective, easy system to hold all their information.

Case study Benefits of Cooperative Learning

Cooperative developing benefits all learners, from the higher donnish degree to the lower academic degree. This paper give travel over all the benefits of concerted encyclopaedism for side Language Learners ( ELL ) . Benefits include larning from their equals, larning academic lexicon, and developing cognitive linguistic communication attainments. This paper get out besides travel over the benefits of concerted science for pupils how ar non English Language Learners. Cooperative skill besides benefits equal relationships which helps pupils have a better and more than positive attitude about groom and go toing school.Benefits of Cooperative LearningFor ELL StudentsAn increasing figure of kids geting in schools in the U.S. are cap subject to troubles when it comes to larn how to read going literate in the English linguistic communication because they are non native English talkers. Besides, their early childhood experiences have non financial aidanceed in larning Englis h, which is the chief linguistic communication in schools ( Greenwood, Arreaga-Mayer, Utley, Gavin, & A Terry 2001 ) . A concern in unifying ELL pupils into English merely classrooms became evident when it came to faculty members. Not merely did instructors of ELL pupils look at to utilize second-language techniques, but they had to someway acquire their ELL pupils more involved ( Greenwood, Arreaga-Mayer, Utley, Gavin, & A Terry 2001 ) .In recent old ages, more and more schoolrooms are turning to cooperative larning with their pupils. In handed-down schoolrooms where the lesson is centered on the instructor giving talk, ELL pupils obtain less instructor and equal interaction, and any interaction is at a lower lingual and cognitive degree ( Gomleksiz 2007 ) . Lessow-Hurley ( 2003 ) found that ELL pupils are placed in lower tracked schoolrooms and are hence non able to win academically. In lower tracked schoolrooms, instructors are frequently excessively busy or preoccupied with pupil behaviour. This comes at the cost of the ELL pupils being overlooked in the schoolroom. design larning groups consisted of high degrees of pupil engagement and the usage of higher degree cognitive procedures ( Greenwood, Arreaga-Mayer, Utley, Gavin, & A Terry 2001 ) . contrive acquisition is more accommodative and helpful than competitory and individualistic acquisition experiences ( Gomleksiz 2007 ) . Teachers need to hold high degree outlooks for all their pupils, including their ELL pupils. Concerted larning groups can assist all pupils obtain higher degree thought and accomplishment ( Cohan & A Honigsfeld, 2006 ) .Concerted Learning and Cognitive SkillsWhen kids from all backgrounds, including ELL, work together in concerted groups, they develop an apprehension of the intent of the group and of the lesson. They develop a demand to assist and back up each other s acquisition. When pupils worked in concerted groups in the schoolroom, they were continuously more accommod ative and supportive. They utilise linguistic communication that was more comprehensive and would give more description to help other pupils with their apprehension ( Gillies & A Ashman, 2000 ) . ELL pupils can profit from concerted acquisition because the equals in their groups are at times more cognizant than the instructors at what precisely the pupils do non understand. Their equals can assist concentrate on the job and explicate the needful information in looks that are more easy understood ( Gillies & A Ashman, 2000 ) .In concerted acquisition groups, ELL pupils are able to see a higher degree of accomplishment when it comes to accommodating to the basic civilization, linguistic communication, and imposts of the schoolroom. Concerted acquisition helps student acquisition and keeping by triping and prosecuting the pupils cognitive procedure of cryptography, incorporating, uniting, and changing the standard information into a more personally meaningful signifier ( Buttaro, 2 002 ) .It is of import that pedagogues should believe about what is of import in the lesson that is utilizing concerted acquisition and what precisely should all pupils gain from it. When mighty implemented, pupils are non merely able to work together, but they are able to better their interpersonal communicating accomplishments. Students are besides learn how to work with a diverse group of pupils. Cooperative acquisition allows all pupils to work together to work out jobs, create undertakings, and develop increased cognition ( Stewart & A Gonzalez, 2006 ) .Concerted Learning and Peer RelationshipsCooperative acquisition besides promotes larning and positive equal relationships. Positive equal relationships are of import to pupils during the early stripling old ages because their peer relationships take precedency during this clip in pupils lives. A pupil s equal relationship plays a really important and critical function with the pupil s connexion to school. Students who did no n get positive equal relationships during this clip are more apparent to drop out of school. As stated before, concerted acquisition has been shown to ease academic acquisition for all pupils, including ELL pupils, better and more encouraging equal relationships, and better attitudes toward school ( Stevens 2006 ) . Stevens besides found positives when it came to group ends and mutuality when instructors used concerted acquisition in their schoolroomsTypically concerted acquisition utilizations group ends, where for one member of the group to win all of the members of the group must win. As a consequence, positive mutuality develops within the group the equals support and actuate one another, taking to more positive equal dealingss and more societal bankers acceptance of one another. As the same clip, the single answerability promotes each person s acquisition, ensuing in greater accomplishment. In kernel, concerted acquisition uses equals as both an instructional and motivationa l resource, taking advantage of pupils increasing sense of independency and stronger equal orientations during adolescence.DecisionCooperative larning benefits all pupils when set together flop by the pedagogue. ELL pupils are able to larn from their equals and make a higher degree of academic accomplishment. Students non merely will larn from each other, but they will be able to larn how to work in groups with other pupils from different backgrounds. Learning how to work with others is an indispensable accomplishment for all pupils to hold in their academic calling and in their professional calling when they become older.Cooperative larning non merely benefits pupils when larning a specific accomplishment or criterion, but it besides benefits ELL pupils when larning academic vocabulary and communicating accomplishments. Most ELL pupils remain quiet in the schoolroom because they are diffident of the academic vocabulary. Because of this, ELL pupils tend to go over looked. Concerte d larning groups will assist ELL pupils become more involved in the assignment and hence derive more acquisition and vocabulary. Once ELL pupils gain more of the vocabulary, they will more likely to go more involved in category treatments. ELL pupils will besides make better academically on separately assignments when they are able to larn from their equals and larn the academic vocabulary.Educators should utilize concerted acquisition more and more in their schoolrooms. Cooperative larning non merely benefits ELL pupils, but pupils with learning disablements are besides able to larn from their equals. They besides are able to have the same benefits when larning a new criterion or accomplishment and academic vocabulary as ELL pupils. proud degree pupils are able to larn how to work with pupils who are at a lower degree. Learning how to work with their equals at all different degrees will profit them when it comes to working in groups in the hereafter.