The Soft Drink Industry Essay Example for Free

The Soft Drink Industry EssayIndiana University-South Bendhe average U.S. consumer draws more than than mild drinks per capita (2.3 eight ounce servings a day) than any other potable, including milk. Table 1 shows the per capita enjoyment of various beverages in the U.S. for 1991-1995. In terms of 1995 retail sales, cushiony drinks in the U.S. atomic number 18 a $52 billion dollar industry (Standard Poors Corp., 9611). The U.S. market growth for flaccid drinks, however, has slowed to single digits since the end of 1980s (Sawinski, 95550). Fifty-four percent of the worlds subdued drink hoi polloi is sold outside nitrogen America, and in 1995, the per capita aspiration of subdued drinks in continental markets outside North America ranged from a low of 2.02 gallons in Africa to a mettlesome of 13.86 gallons in South America.INDUSTRY PRODUCTS AND VALUE CHAINThe industry, erstwhile synonymous with the Cola, has instantaneously self-aggrandising into one with a wid e range of products. Additional flavors such as orange, cherry, lime, lemon, pepper, and ginger ales agree appeared in the market, and caffeine-free and diet versions of almost all of the industrys products arrive at been introduced. In 1996, Cola brands occupied the top two marketshare positions in the U.S., while non-cola brands such as Mountain Dew, Sprite, and 7UP were overly among the top ten best-selling soft drinks. Also, in 1996, sales volume for the top two Colas, Coca-Cola Classic and Pepsi-Cola, grew 3.2% and 3% respectively, while sales volume for Mountain Dew and Sprite grew 5.7% and 17.6% respectively. Table 2 shows the list of 10 best selling soft drinks in the U.S. market.Soft drinks are made by mixing syrup (which is made from raw materials such as sugar, sweeteners, and seasoner additives) with carbonated water. speckle some of the soft drinks are sold at typefaces, others are packaged in bottles or atomic number 50s.A large portion of the soft drink indust rys sales is in the packaged form (Sawinski, 95549 estimates that 75% of all soft drinks sold in the U.S. were in the packaged form). Coca-Cola Co. and PepsiCo have historically maintained control over bottling and dispersal through part or full featureership of some of their bottling plants. Cadbury Schweppes, on the other hand, has chosen to outsource its bottling unravel in the U.S. market. Cadbury Schweppes relies on independent bottlers and the bottling operations owned by Coca-Cola Co. and PepsiCo to bottle its products. Recently, Coca-Cola Co. and PepsiCo decided to drop some of Cadburys brands from their bottling operations to make room for their own brands. As a result,Cadbury estimates that it has lost about 20 gazillion cases in sales (Theodore, 97a40). In another recent razet, PepsiCo lost a significant part of its Latin American business when its Venezuelan bottler defected to Coca-Cola Co. (Sellers, 9674-78).Bottling operations and syrup production differ in their capital intensity and lucrativeness. For example, in 1995, Coca-Cola Enterprisesa company engaged chiefly in bottling and distributionhad revenues of $0.75 for e really dollar invested in assets, while Coca-Cola Co., which is primarily engaged in syrup production, enjoyed revenues of $1.25 for every dollar invested in assets. Also, while Coca-Cola Co. earned a 17% return on sales in 1995, an average company engaged primarily in bottling and distribution of soft drinks would earn between 2 to 5% (Standard Poors Corp., 9622).INDUSTRY STRUCTUREIndustry Players and CompetitionThe U.S. and ball-shaped soft drink industries are quite concent arranged. Long dominated by two companies, Coca-Cola Co. and PepsiCo, the industry saw the emergence of a third significant player when Cadbury Schweppes acquired the Dr. Pepper and 7UP brands in 1995. Table 3 shows that the top three firms accounted for 90% of the U.S. soft drink market in 1996, and Table 4 shows that the same three firms contro lled 77% of the world soft drink market in 1995. Appendix 1 provides a list of product lines and their performance for each of the three firms, and Appendix 2 provides selected financial data for the three companies.Soft drink sales volume in the U.S. has grown at an average annual rate of 3.28% over the last five years, reaching 14,199.5 one thousand million gallons in 1996. Soft drink sales outside North America represented 54% of the world sales volume in 1995 and have grown at an average annual rate of 6.52% between 1990 and 1995. Table 5 shows worldwide soft drink sales volume by continent, and Table 6 shows worldwide per capita soft drink consumption by continent.New Entry Into the IndustryThe production technologies required for manufacturing soft drinks is widely available for potential entrants. Competing on a theme or global scale, however, requires the ability to manufacture and distribute a well-recognized brand. Soft drinks are among the most advertised products, and soft drink commercials are a regular feature in most high-profile advertising events. In 1996, for example, Coca-Cola Co. had an unprecedented one hundred commercial spots during the Summer Olympics, and PepsiCo had anumber of commercials during the super-bowl. Coca-Cola Co., PepsiCo, and Cadbury Schweppes spent a total of $469.1 million on media advertising in the U.S. market between January and September 1996, up from the $370.7 million spent during the corresponding period in 1995 (Beverage Industry, 3/97 40-41). channel of DistributionAs mentioned earlier, there are two main channel categories in this industrypackaged product channels and springtime channels. The packaged product channels accommodate supermarkets, mass merchandisers, drug stores, and vending machines. Fountain channels accept fast-food eating houses, sports arenas, convenience stores, and gas stations. While supermarkets are, at present, the largest channel in the U.S., the fountain channel has been ontoge ny fast. According to Bill Perely, Senior Vice hot seat/General Manager of fountain/foodservice for Dr. Pepper/7UP, fountain sales in the U.S. grew at an average annual rate of about 5% in the last five years, while overall soft drink sales in the U.S. grew at an average annual rate of about 3% during the same period (Sfiligoj, 9754). Bill Perely attributes the growth in fountain sales to the increased popularity of fast foodsin particular the carry-out member of fast foods.Soft drink companies have stepped up their efforts to capture a larger share of the fountain business by introducing more of their brands at the fountain, by aggressively competing for service contracts with high-profile customers, and by working with fountain outlets on joint promotion and dispensing technologies. Jeff Dunn, Vice President of field sales and marketing at Coca-Cola Co., notes that fountain customers are becoming increasingly brand conscious. He says, For years, consumers have basically asked fo r a generic kind of soft drink from the fountain dispenser at the restaurant they were in, but thats changing. Now consumers actually ask for a soft drink by its namelike Sprite instead of 7UP, for instanceand wont substitute one for the other (Sfiligoj, 9760).To fountain outlets like fast-food restaurants or convenience stores, increased brand consciousness means that they can attract more customers by carrying manysoft drink brands instead of just a some. Signs of fountain outlets seeking to diversify the brands that they carry emerged in early 1996 when Circle K corporation took Coca-Cola Co. to court seeking to fuel its fountain contract which precluded Circle K from selling other company brands at its fountains (Sfiligoj, 9756). Circle K prevailed in its efforts, and its stores now have a range of non-Coke brands along with Cokes products. It remains to be seen if Circle Ks court battle signals a new era in the fountain business, one where fast-food restaurants and other foun tain outlets no longer carry the brands of just one soft drink company.In international markets, soft drink companies face a number of distribution challenges. In many of the emerging country markets such as India, China, and Indonesia, for example, poor road conditions and other infrastructure problems render efficient distribution by trucks very difficult. Physical distribution in these markets often involves using an army of people on tricycles and bicycles to haul the products through narrow and winding streets. At the retail end, problems include lack of refrigerators in retail outlets and even lack of power lines in some places. Overcoming these distribution problems has required and may continue to require sizable investments in infrastructure development and giving away or loaning coolers.SuppliesSupplies for soft drinks include various ingredients use in the production of soft drinks and packaging materials used for the finished product. Soft drink production involves mixin g a number of ingredients including water, preservatives, sugar/sweeteners, flavors, coloring agents, and carbon dioxide. Appendix 3 provides an example of a soft drink production batch sheet.Table 7 shows the worldwide soft drink ingredients consumption for 1996 and consumption estimates for 2001. Bulk sweetener refers to sugar manufactured from rustic produce such as cane and beat. According to the sparing research unit of the U.S. department of agriculture, the world spot price for sugar has been trending down and averaged 12.10 cents a pound in thelast quarter of 1995. Looking ahead, the economic research unit forecasts the world sugar production for 1996/97 (October 1996 to September 1997) at 125.1 million metric tons and the global consumption of sugar for the same period at 123.0 million metric tons (Beverage Industry, 5/9743).High-intensity sweeteners, in tune to sugar, are compounds that result from extensive research and development by food product companies. These swee teners are subject to very close scrutiny by the U.S. nutrient and Drug Administration before being approved for use in soft drinks and other food products. Currently used primarily in low-calorie and sugar-free beverages, the consumption of these high-intensity sweeteners remains low. A beverage industry report points out that the consumption of high intensity sweeteners in soft drinks is expected to rise as more companies producing these products gain FDA approval.In the 1960s, aluminum cans began to make inroads into the beverage container business. Working diligently to capture a larger share of the container market, aluminum can companies had reduced the woo of using their products by minimizing the aluminum content in cans and by helping their customers develop equipment to produce cans at machine-gun speed and fill them at very high rates (2,000 cans per minute). These innovations enabled aluminum can makers to capture just over a quarter of the soft drink container market by 1985. In the last few years, however, aluminum can companies have faced intense competition from plastic bottle makers. As soft drink companies began to realize that customers valued the way a product looked and felt, and were willing to pay more to get these attributes, they increased their utilization of the more profitable single serve plastic bottles.Brian W. Sturgell, Executive Vice President of the aluminum can maker Alcan, observes that the soft drink companies sell 20 ounces in plastic bottles for a buck, while you can buy a 12-pack of cans for $2.39 . . . Its an amazing profitability gap (Baker Harris, 97108). In wake of these developments, aluminum can makers are attempting to stay competitive and grow their market shares by rethinking their plain looking cans. They are experimenting with new shapes, new feel, and reclosable lids for their cans. Redesigning the cans along these lines will not be easy, however, because the can makers have to invest in research and devel opment to overcome the technicalchallenges involved, even as competition forces them to hold or lower their prices. See Table 8 for soft drink container marketshares.Table 8 Soft Drink Container commercialize Shares (%) (Gallons of SoftSubstitute ProductsHealth and fitness concerns, as well as an increasing appetite for something new and different, have resulted in a flurry of alternate(a) beverage product introductions in the U.S. market. For example, 3524 new products were introduced in 1996 compared to 1540 new products introduced in 1986 (Beverage Industry, 3/9753). The range of new products introduced include cold coffees, caffeinated and flavored water, carbonated flavored milk, result and vegetable juice blends, caffeinated orange juice, micro-brewed root beer, and alternative lifestyle products such as anise-based drinks blended with vanilla and other extracts and cinnamon-based beverages flavored with garlic and cayenne pepper. Table 9 shows the sales volume for new beve rages between 1990 and 1996, and Table 10 compares the sales of new beverages with soft drink sales. Although some soft drink companies have their own alternative beverage operations, the rapid growth of alternative beverages brings forth many new companiesincluding Starbucks, Campbell Soups, Tropicana, and Quaker Oatsthat soft drink makers need to contend with.TRENDSGeneral economyThe annual GDP growth in the U.S. averaged 2.32% between 1991 and 1995. During the same 1991-95 period, inflation in the U.S., measured by the consumer price index, averaged 3.19%, and the lending engagement rate aerated by U.S. banks on loans to prime customers averaged 7.34%. Table 13 summarizes these numbers and excessively provides corresponding numbers for two earlier five-year periods. Table 14 provides key economic indicators for twenty other countries of the world.TechnologyAdvances in technology have improved all aspects of the soft drink industry. For example, advances in additives such as s ugarless sweeteners, caffeine free products, and new flavorings have enabled the industry to provide products that meet changing customer tastes and preferences. Computerized manufacturing technologies have contributed to higher efficiency and quality in bottling operations. Computerized systems can now be used to measure key aspects of beverage production such as syrup usage, Brix count (per cent sugar), and beverage carbonation (Sawinski, 1995552-553). Advances in logistics and information technology are helping companies enjoy better inventory control, faster truck check-in and check-out, better stock rotation at the warehouse, and eliminate truckload errors (Sawinski, 1995552-553).Technological advances have also helped the sales end of the business. The so-called smart vending machines use electronic components to track sales patterns, stocks, and equipment breakdowns. When equipped with wirelesscommunications software, these machines can also automatically reorder stock, elimi nating the need for manual stock checks. Faster fountain dispensers are also being developed to better serve customers on the go. other innovation that could revolutionize the business is the self-chilling can developed by The Joseph Company (Dawson, 9774-78). The technology for this product involves mounting a small aerosol can filled with pressurized liquid refrigerant upside down in a 500-ml beverage can, leaving room for 330 ml of beverage.The aerosol valve head and the activator button is set at the bottom of the can. When the activator button is pushed, the liquid refrigerant draws heat from the warm beverage and escapes out as gas through the valve in the cans base. In the process, the temperature of the beverage drops by 30F in 120 seconds. This product would eliminate the need for refrigeration and is slated for commercial introduction in the last quarter of 1997. ab initio targeted to the high-convenience sector of the U.S. market, the self-chilling can could eventually help soft drink companies overcome refrigeration problems faced in emerging country markets.PoliticalMany countries that were once inaccessible to foreign companies are opening up their markets. Countries that have opened their markets in recent times include China, India, and Indonesia, which together account for nearly half(a) of the worlds population. These countries also have among the lowest per capita soft drink consumption levels in the world. While the mere opening of these markets does not assure success for multinational soft drink companies, they do provide an opportunity previously unavailable to them. Success in such new markets will depend on learning to conk in dissimilar cultures, managing political and currency risks, and overcoming infrastructural problems.Regulative EnvironmentThe soft drink industry is subject to a range of government regulations. In particular, regulations in two areas are noteworthy. First, as a foodproduct, soft drinks come under the purvie w of the Food and Drug Administration in the U.S. and corresponding restrictive bodies overseas. The FDA, for example, tests and certifies new ingredients such as high-intensity sweeteners before they are allowed to be used in soft drink production. The second area of regulation that is of particular interest to the soft drink industry relates to the natural environment. The impact of soft drink packaging materials on the natural environment has been one of the most important issues in this respect.In the U.S., in response to public concerns, there has been a series of legislative activity at both the federal and state levels (Beverage World DataBank, 1997213-226). While individual proposals may differ in some respects, most federal legislative proposals address one or more of the following objectives (1) Minimize the amount of money of packaging material entering the nations solid photocopy system (2) minimize the consumption of scarce natural resources (3) maximize the recyclin g and reuse of packaging materials and (4) cheer human health and the natural environment from adverse effects associated with the disposal of packaging materials. In addition to the federal efforts in this regard, many states have select laws to govern packaging materials.Fifty-one states enforce laws dealing with litter control and prevention and administer recycling and public awareness programs. Nine states have adopted deposit laws for beverage containers, and twenty-seven states place restrictions on multi-pack carrier materials. The multi-pack carrier restrictions require that the plastic ring carriers be made of degradable material that decomposes when discarded. Also, thirty-eight states have laws that regulate the sale of beverage containers with detachable metal pull tabs. In most of these thirty-eight states, it is unlawful to sell a beverage in a container designed with a detachable metal opening device.In a demonstration of social responsibility, the major players i n the soft drink industry and the national soft drink association have joined the Environmental Protection Agencys voluntary program WasteWi$e (Beverage Industry, 9/9739-41). The program requires members to commit to implementing/expanding their waste reduction programs in three areaswasteprevention, recycling, and purchasing or manufacturing recycled products. A charter member of the program, Coca-Cola Co. recycled more than 1.2 million pounds of turn up paper and other recyclables in 1995. Coca-Cola Co. also purchased $2 million in recycled content materials. PepsiCo has made modifications to its soda cans and the containers that transport them. For example, PepsiCo has replaced single-use corrugated transport containers with reusable plastic cases for its 1-liter and 20 ounce packages, eliminating 196 million pounds of corrugated material in the process.

Coldplay Essay Example for Free

Coldplay EssayBritish alternative rock band organize in 1996 by lead vocalist Chris Martin and lead guitarist Jonny Buckland at University College London. 3 After forming Pectoralz, Guy Berryman joined the group as a bassist and they changed their name to Starfish. 4 depart Champion joined as a drummer, backing vocalist, and multi-instrumentalist, completing the line-up. Manager Phil Harvey is often considered an unofficial fifth member. 5 The band renamed themselves Coldplay in 1998,6 before recording and let go of three EPs Safety in 1998, Brothers Sisters as a single in 1999 and The Blue Room in the same year. The latter was their first release on a major label, after signing to Parlophone. 7 They achieved worldwide fame with the release of the single Yellow in 2000, followed by their debut phonograph album released in the same year, Parachutes, which was propose for the Mercury Prize. The bands second album, A Rush of Blood to the Head (2002), was released to gold revi ews and won multiple awards, including NMEs Album of the Year, and has been widely considered the best of the Nelson-produced Coldplay albums. Their next release, XY, the best-selling album worldwide in 2005, was initially met with mixed reviews upon its release.However, the bands fourth studio album, Viva la Vida or Death and All His Friends (2008), was produced by Brian Eno and released again to largely favourable reviews, earning several Grammy nominations and wins at the 51st Grammy Awards. 8 In August 2011, they announced that a fifth studio album, titled Mylo Xyloto, would be released on October 24, 2011. The band has won a chip of music awards throughout their career, including six Brit Awards winning Best British Group three times, four MTV Video Music Awards, and seven Grammy Awards from twenty nominations.

Concurrent Execution of Database

Con incumbent Execution of DatabaseQuestion 1 a) What is meant by con online writ of slaying of entropybase in a multi-user system? Discuss why concurrency hear is needed giving a suitable example. How the concept of Time stamp found and validation is based Protocols used in concurrency chequer.Ans- Multiple minutes atomic number 18 bothowed to run concurrently in the system. Concurrent execution of database is meant by execution of database in par anyel. I.e. from each one and only(a) feat must(prenominal) behave in isolation. This means that the concurrent execution does not result an inconsistent state. Ensuring consistency in spite of concurrent execution of feats requires is very complexAdvantages areincreased processor and record book utilization, leading to better consummation throughput4 E.g. one accomplishment can be using the CPU while another is reading from or writing to the diskreduced average response clip for proceeding short transactions need not w ait behind long ones.Timestamp Protocol Timestamp is a unique identifier to identify a transaction. Timestamp can be considered to be as the transaction start time. It determines the concurrent execution such that the timestamp determines the serializability order. Time stamp holds twain timestamp valuesW-timestamp() is the largest time-stamp of any transaction that executed write() successfully.R-timestamp () is the largest time-stamp of any transaction that executed read() successfully. mean that transaction Ti issues write (Q).If TS (Ti) R-timestamp (Q), then the value of Q that Ti is producing was needed previously, and the system assumed that that value would never be produced. Hence, the write operation is rejected, and Ti is roll back.If TS (Ti) W-timestamp (Q), then Ti is attempting to write an obsolete value of Q. Hence, this write operation is rejected, and Ti is furled back.Otherwise, the write operation is executed, and W-timestamp(Q) is set to TS(Ti).The timestam p-ordering protocol guarantees serializability since all the arcs in the precedence graph are of the form. Timestamp protocol ensures freedom from deadlock as no transaction ever waits.Validation Protocol The optimistic concurrency control techniques also known as validation or certification techniques, no checking is done while the transaction is executing. Several methods use the validation technique.Execution of transaction Ti is done in three phases.Read and execution phase action Ti writes only to temporary local variablesValidation phase Transaction Ti performs a validation test to determine if local variables can be written without violating serializability.Write phase If Ti is validated, the updates are applied to the database otherwise, Ti is rolled back.The three phases of concurrently executing transactions can be interleaved, but each transaction must go through the three phases in that order.Each transaction Ti has 3 timestampsStart(Ti) the time when Ti started its ex ecutionValidation(Ti) the time when Ti entered its validation phaseFinish(Ti) the time when Ti finished its write phaseThis protocol is useful and gives greater degree of concurrency if probability of conflicts is low. That is because the serializability order is not pre-decided and relatively less transactions will have to be rolled back.Question 2 Why does deadlock kick the bucket in concurrent execution of transaction where locking scheme is followed? How can you detect deadlock in database system? How is the problem of deadlock resolved? Explain with the help of an example.Ans Although locks prevent serious data inconsistencies but their use may lead to a major problem. The schedule may create deadlocks. A database deadlock is caused when two transactions wait for each other to unlock data. impasses can be managed by using deadlock detection and prevention techniques. A deadlock is a condition that occurs when two transactions wait for each other to unlock data. Deadlocks occ ur when two transactions T1 and T2 exist in the following modeT1 locks data item X and it needs to access Y while Y is locked by T2T2 locks data item Y and it needs to access X while X is locked by T1If T1 has not found unlocked data item Y and T2 needs Y, T2 cannot begin, if T2 has not unlocked data item X and T1 needs X, T1 cannot continue. Consequently T1 and T2 wait indefinitely, each waiting for the other to unlock the compulsory data item.Three basic techniques exist to control deadlocks-Deadlock preventionDeadlock detectionDeadlock avoidanceDeadlock prevention-A transaction requesting a new lock is aborted if there is a possibility that a deadlock can occur. If the transaction is aborted, all the changes made by this transaction are rolled back, and all locks obtained by the transaction are released. The transaction is then rescheduled for execution. Deadlocks prevention works because it avoids the condition that leads to deadlock. In deadlock prevention, timed out schemes a re used.Deadlock detection-The DBMS periodically test the database for deadlocks. If a deadlock is found one of the transactions is aborted and the other transaction continues. The aborted transaction will be rescheduled for execution later on. The system uses wait- for graph. The system is in deadlock state if and only if the wait-for graph has a cycle.Deadlock avoidance-The transaction must obtain all the locks it needs before it can be executed. This technique avoids rollback of conflicting transaction by requiring that locks be obtained in succession. The serial lock assignment required in deadlock avoidance increases transaction response.Example-Deadlock checking occurs when a transaction has waited 30 seconds no lock wait timeouts occur.Question 3 What is two phase locking? Describe with help of an example. Will two phase locking result in serialisable schedule? Will two phase locking result in deadlock? Justify your answer with the help of an exampleAns cardinal phase lockin g defines how transactions acquire and relinquish locks. Two phase locking gurantees serializability but it does not prevent deadlocks. The two phases areGrowing phase in which a transaction acquires all the required locks without unlocking any data.Shrinking phase in which a transaction releases all locks and cannot obtain any new lock.The two-phase locking protocol is governed by the following rulesTwo transactions cannot have conflicting locks.No unlock operation can precede a lock operation in the same transaction.No data are affected until all locks are obtained that is until the transaction is in its locked point.Yes, two phase locking will result in deadlock because when mutual blocking among transactions occurs then it results deadlock. When deadlock occur, the execution of these transaction cannot be completed. So deadlock need to be resolved for completion of these transactions.Example-In this example, the transaction acquires all the locks it needs until it reaches its l ocked point. When the locked point is reached is reached, the data are modified to confirm to the transaction requirements. Finally, the transaction is completed as it releases all of the lock it acquired in the low gear phase.Question 4 When do we use Log based retrieval technique? Explain the write ahead log strategy for recovery in a centralized DBMS, with the help of an example.Ans It is mostly used to structure for recoding database passs. In a log based recovery a a log file is maintained for recovery purpose. Log file is a sequence of log records. There are two techniques for log based recovery.Deferred database adaptation it ensures transaction atomicity by recording all database modifications in the log, but deferring the execution of all write operations of transactions until it is partially attached.Immediate database modification it allows database modification to be output to the database while the transaction is still in the active state.The Write Ahead log is the b asic rule that ensures that a record of every change to the database is available while attempting to recover from a crash. That is if a transaction makes a change and is committed, then the no force approach means that some(prenominal) of the changes may have not been written to the disk at the time of crash. Without any record of changes there is no way to ensure that the changes of a committed transaction survive crashes. For this before writing a summon to the disk every update log record that describes a change to the page must be in a stable storageQuestion 5 Assume that the Railway reservation system is consumeed using an RDBMS. What are the concurrency control measures one has to take, in order to avoid concurrency related problems in the above system? How can the deadlock be avoided in this system? How can we implement recovery techniques in such a system?Ans When several transactions execute concurrently in the database, however there is a chance, the isolation property may no longer be preserved. To ensure that it is, the system must control the interaction among the concurrent transactions this control is achieved through one of a variety of mechanisms called concurrency-control schemes.TYPES OF CONCURRENCY CONTROL SCHEMELock-Based ProtocolsTimestamp-Based ProtocolsValidation-Based ProtocolsTO AVOID DEADLOCKTo ensure that no cyclic waits can occur by ordering the requests for locks.Deadlock recovery, and performs transaction rollback instead of waiting for a lock, whenever the wait could potentially result in a deadlock.DEADLOCK RECOVERY TECHNIQUE-To maintain information about the current allocation of data items to transactions, as well as any outstanding data item requests.Provide an algorithm that uses this information to determine whether the system has entered a deadlock state.Recover from the deadlock when the detection algorithm determines that deadlock exists.Question 6 How can we use the concept of shadow page in database recovery of a real time application?AnsIt is an alternative to log-based recovery techniques.It may require fewer disk accesses but it is hard to extend paging to allow multiple concurrent transactions.The idea is to maintain two page tables during the life of a transaction the current page table and the shadow page table.When the transaction starts current and page tables are identical.The shadow page is never changed during the life of the transaction.The current page is updated with each write operation.Each table incoming points to a page on the disk.When the transaction is committed the shadow page entry becomes a copy of the current page table entry and the disk block with the old data is released.If the shadow is stored in nonvolatile memory and a system crash occurs, then the shadow page table is copied to the current page table.This guarantees that the shadow page table will point to the database pages corresponding to the state of the database prior to any transaction that was active at the time of the crash, do aborts automatic.It is used as an improvement to the shadow copy technique. The key idea of shadow paging is to maintain two page tables during the life of a transaction. empennage paging helps in better recovery from crashes and also it does not require any undo/redo technique. The disadvantage of shadow paging is that it changes the disk care for of the current page table and also copies the actual data block from the RAM to the hard disk output operation.There are drawbacks to the shadow-page technique appoint overhead.The commit of a single transaction using shadow paging requires multiple blocks to be output the current page table, the actual data and the disk address of the current page table. Log-based schemes need to output only the log records.Data fragmentation.Shadow paging causes database pages to change locations.Garbage collectionEach time that a transaction commits, the database pages containing the old version of data changed by the t ransactions must become inaccessible. Such pages are considered to be garbage since they are not part of the free space and do not contain any usable information. Periodically it is necessary to find all of the garbage pages and add them to the mention of free pages. This process is called garbage collection and imposes additional overhead and complexity on the system.

Facebook Organisational Culture Case Study

Facebook Organisational Culture Case StudyManagers with abstract skills argon able to see the organization as a whole, conceptualize roughly abstract and complex situations and to think strategically (Robbins Coulter 2005). With reference to Forbes Magazine, Mark Zuckerberg, the creator of marvel Facebook and peerless of the youngest billionaire yet, contributes the ability of vast conceptual skills. Zuckerberg has the ability to think critically and plan for long term. For example, he is able to see the potential of success by using the Internet to connect with lot much effectively. Therefore, he created Facebook at 2004 and now it becomes the largest social networking site with millions of users foundingwide. Moreover, Zuckerberg carries out his role as disturbance handler with the combination of conceptual skill to influence the difficulties. For instance, he received criticize from users when Facebook introduced new features and issues about privacy. However, Zuckerberg re solve these problems appropriately and continue to operate the caller-out successfully. Although Zuckerberg made mistakes in decision making, most of the race believed that he have the potential to improve his conceptual skill and consequently bring Facebook to upper level of achievement.As the CEO of Facebook, Zuckerberg plays multiple roles in managing the organization. Directing, training, make and organizing subordinates, supervising their improvement, promoting and reassuring their development are the duties needed from the role of leader (LMC 2008). As a leader, Zuckerberg is skilled in making clear decision and close unwanted debate. Employees are allowed to recommend various solutions and gain knowledge on possible problems solved by him. Employees are encouraged to argue with his thought on projects to find a better solution (Bosworth 2010). Zuckerberg plays a good leader role by adapting in the human skills and conceptual skills.Next role that he is acting on is reso urce allocator, which carries the responsibility related to resources allocation of the organization among all concerned bulk or department. It involves budgeting, scheduling, allocation of duty to subordinates and authorization. From time to time, Zuckerberg has been scheduling for the f8 platform which is the like button in Facebook. There is three f8 in total in which the first one occuring on May 24th, 2007, second one gambleing on July 23rd, 2008 and consequently the third one chokeing on April 21-22 in 2010. During this period, the active user had increase tremendously.Figurehead role involves handling watching and symbolic activities for the department or organization (Daft 2010). Mark Zuckerberg has successfully carried out the role of figurehead in Web 2.0 global social networking trend. For example, Zuckerberg discusses hiring the right pile and challenges of an entrepreneur in the lectures on Entrepreneurship for Stanford University students on October 26, 2005 (Entr epreneurial Thought Leaders Lecture 2005). Further much, Zuckerberg planned to set up a foundation with $100 million of Facebooks well-nigh held stock to the Newark Public Schools in New Jersey (Martinez Fowler 2010). His philanthropic donation has helped to improve Facebook image. The figurehead role played by Zuckerberg has enabled him to get more prudence than Googles co- render, Larry Page and Sergey Brin.In general Mark Zuckerberg use a great skill of conceptual skills and plays extensive character in all informational, interpersonal and decisional roles in the Facebook which allows and makes it to be the leading social media at present.Q2)The only thing that would non change in the world is the world is kept on changing. The external organizational surround is the elements happen outside of its boundary and may affect the growth of the organization. Figure 1 shows that Facebooks number of users is obviously more than its competitor, Twitter. Although Facebook currently ra nk as the top side social networking sites, they still have to persist in innovating to hold on the honor.From the dimension of legal-political, Facebook created an opportunity that encourages users to share information online for the purpose of communication and business transactions. Unfortunately, it is in addition a threat that causes Facebook confronts disputation on privacy issue once beacon is launched. Beacon is a platform which takes selective information from 44 web destinations and unite with Facebooks internal information for the purpose of advertising. It allowed third parties site being posted on the wall of the users profile. It can also track everything quite a little done online make up they had logout from Facebook and despite who is using the computer. Regarding to this issue, many investigations have been carried out by security researcher Wednesday, Canadian privacy com delegacyer, Press coverage and European Commission. There is more than 100 million users personal information being used or spread out to the public without users authorization. This issue is not just about data leakage for user but also for developers and marketers who uses Facebook to operate their business. To pacify this issue, Facebook paid $9.5 million settlement to a class action lawsuit and it is being ratified (Kravets 2010). Under the settlement, Facebook agreed to terminate Beaon platform started from November 2009. Facebook should provide a more user friendly privacy settings for the user to avoid the issue above to happen again.For international and sociocultural dimension, Table 1(pg) indicates that the number of users in USA is surprisingly high and owns the first place in the ranking. Although chinaware and India has the largest population in the world but India only owns the fifth place. However, Table 2 (pg) indicates that a month later, India is the leading country which owns the highest audience growth rate. Reason for China did not see in the ran king is Facebook is being censored by China since 2009. Prediction made by Daft said that China will overtake unite State economy as number one by midcentury (Daft 2010, p.66). Unfortunately, China banned Facebook bring down a lot registration in China Mainland population which is about 1,330,141,295 (CIA World Factbook, Jan 2011) and opportunities to generate pro hold back. China government always being tight to the access of internet, information flow and media banned Facebook because of the fatal riots happen in western region of Xinjiang in province of China. Perhaps they believe that such an action will contain the reports or discussions of the riots or stop them from hap completely. Recent news reported that, Mark Zuckerberg still wanted to get connected to China and is now creating some localized version of site to fit Chinas government and hope to launch it in China.Therefore, every organization should be prepared to react to subtle environment shifts and adapt to various challenges environment that are increasingly dynamic. Facebook had tried their best to grapple with challenges like settlement of privacy issues and intervention with China. After conquering the challenges, Facebook is now one step nearer to its mission to connect the whole world.Q3)Ravasi and Schultz (2006) define organisation cultivation as a set of shared mental assumptions that guide organisation understanding and action by defining appropriate behaviour for various situations.In the past, hierarchy of way is vital for a incarnate. However, CEO of Facebook, Mark Zuckerberg has created a relaxed, unstructured and open corporate elaboration that emphasizes more on equality (Boissonneau 2011). At Facebook, there are no cubicles, no walls, just mainly office furniture. This enables employees to work in a relaxed environment as they have more employee freedom with no standard work schedules. Furthermore, Facebooks managers also practice this working environment. Sheryl Sandberg, Facebooks Chief Operating Officer, and even Zuckerberg himself has no office. They work among the employees in the open work home that could enhance openness and problem solving process. Every Friday, Zuckerberg holds a public question-and-answer session for an hour for the entire organisation. The openness created by this session, according to Zuckerberg, encourages collaboration, team-work and an informal atmosphere and communication among organisation.Facebook is ballooning into an empire, but it remains shabby, funky and slightly adorable. That is partly attributable to a workplace that combines playful start-up culture with muscular ambition and bite. Facebooks goal is to be viewed as a hip geek culture in order to attract the best talent (Finch 2011). Zuckerberg is creditworthy for the foundations of this culture, creating a fun environment by knocking a gong when someone finishes a big coding project. Facebook even hired well-known graffiti artist David Choe to paint murals in its first offices. According to Yiannopoulos, theres a block of Facebooks meeting rooms named after inventors, with one given to Al Gore, who invented the internet (2011). Facebook uses adaptability culture to interpret and respond quickly to the high-risk decision-making and rapid alteration environment. Besides, Facebook adapts involvement culture that emphasizes employees needs and responses towards environment changes. Facebook is creating an intrinsically social culture, rather than enterprise package or geeky, engineer-driven algorithms. At Facebook, the employees can play video or table tennis games whenever they need to unwind on the job. This fun working environment has increase employees job satisfaction. Job satisfaction is the primary factor in intrinsic motivation. Therefore, due to the corporate culture recognized by Zuckerberg, Facebook employees are satisfied with their jobs and as a result do their jobs well and raise the productivity of Facebook.Facebooks sloga n is Facebook is a social utility that connects you with the people around you. This slogan explains slightly about the social platform. Facebook has taken a very practical standpoint on providing a social network by created a framework and are expecting users to do most of the work.Facebook internal environment changes when Zuckerberg brought on Sheryl Sandberg, a respected executive from Google in March 2008. Besides, Zuckerberg is willing to take risks by hired Chris Cox, who was grad direct dropout as Facebook HR manager. Organisational hierarchy was generally indicated through the price of suit. However, Zuckerberg has changed this culture by still wears T-shirts, jeans and Adidas flip-flops to work just as he did in 2004, when he co-founded Facebook at age 19 (Deneen 2011).Mark Zuckerberg shows effectiveness as a cultural leader for Facebook by able and willing to take the risks in hiring the executives for the company and motivate employees to achieve Facebooks goals by esta blished a comfortable, amusing and unstructured corporate culture.Q4)As time passed, many professions developed several management theories as a guide for manager to run the organization. There are Classical Perspective, which occurred during nineteenth and early twenty, Management Science Perspective, which emerged during World War Two, Recent historic Trend which happen after the World War Two and Modern Management which combine all different theories. Today business world required different management thinking and possible action to fits in different industries and achieve organisational goals (Sridhar n.d). Facebook is the new trend in twenty-first century, which manage and lead by the founder name Mark Zuckerberg.Humanistic perspective was conducted by Mary Parker Follett and Chester Barnard. They believe that manager need to first value peoples feelings, needs, thoughts and social relations (Daft 2010). Mark Zuckerberg had this management thinking of creating a social network that allowed people all over the world to engage which each other and get updates even faster. Besides, Zuckerberg also adapting this theory to his employees by providing those free meals along the day, bottomless finger foods and unrestricted dry cleaning service. He allowed subordinates to express themselves, motivate them to have the same goals as the organisations goals by giving opinions on improvement of the organisation. He claims that an office is only a place to gather people to brain storming to generate profits and human are the most important resources for the organisation. Therefore, he design his headquarter with no wall between departments, and meeting rooms are located at the middle of work space separated by glass walls so everyone can see through the meetings.Besides, a study under A Theory of Human Motivation of Abraham Maslow theories claims that people are influenced by several needs in pyramid order (Kendra n.d). Zuckerberg has fulfilled three levels of need f or employees by providing employees free meals and considerable income to satisfied sensual needs, allowing them to disclose their thoughts and opinions, appreciate them contribute many ideas and plans to run the business. This will increase employees esteem needs and belief that they are the proper source in luck make the world improve, and Zuckerberg will somehow challenge employees to meet certain goals (Bosworth 2010). This theory will increase organisation growth and acknowledges employees to fulfil their self-actualization needs. But, it required more psychological thinking from Zuckerberg, takes time for him to observe employees personalities and make organisation goals as part of their interest goals.Learning organisation is a modern theory which allows people not afraid to make mistakes and hope they can learn from the mistakes. It allows managers to raise the capability to discover and grow (Senge 19903). When Facebook dealing with the mistakes they made in beacon, they understand that not all people like to disclose their thoughts to the public, certain privacy are required from them. Facebook has learnt from this mistake and change their privacy settings. But, they also face the challenge of missing certain trust and confidence from the user.After Zuckerberg combining classical and modern theory, facebook will be creating a better competitive advantage to adapt into today rapid change world. Facebook will be more effective and efficient after adapting with all the theory, although Zuckerberg face a certain weight of challenges.

Analyze The Avon Product Inc

Analyze The Avon Product IncThe report has been designed to analyse the Avon Product Inc that has been undergone by major strategic change. Furthermore this report has been divided into two parts, initiatory part of the report will explain the giving medication back ground and the strategic change that has been follow, further second part of the report will address the influence of external environmental forces, how they affect on the organisation performance.Avon Vision Statement To be the company that best understands and satisfies the product service and self-fulfillment guidefully of women globallyOrganisation BackgroundAvon is the largest seller, marter and manufacturer of beauty related products around the gentleman. Avon generates 98% of its revenue from cosmetics products. The company markets to women in more than 110 countries by dint of more than Five millions independent sale representatives. Products categories are for deterrent example skincare, fragrances, cos metics, toiletries and as well as jewellery, watches, home products candles and toys. Moreover, 98% of the company sales are generated via direct sales. This sales snuggle had withal been successful in the Asian and Latin America market. However, could not be for the American market.strategic changeAccording to Lynch (2006), define Strategic change is the pro-active management of change in organisations to achieve clearly identified strategic objectives. It may be under defyn using either prescriptive or fast strategic approaches.Avons strategic changeAccording to Johnson (2008) define in raises to diagnose the strategic change within organisation, it is important to consider the type of change that is requisite and also identify the type of change that has been adoptedFor over the last 124 years, being a global manufacturer and marketer of beauty related products, Avon has been adopted several changes and devoted to empower women by helping them to look beautiful.Avon major strategic changes areAvon has invested the millions on research development to bring the innovative products and also focused on the increases advertisement for the sustainability of soft touch competitiveness.Avon eliminated the layers of Hierarchal management and redesigned the organisational structure to take the full advantage of Global saleAvon helped million of women across the world to build a better future for instance, provide the opportunities to become, entrepreneurs, representative or their own business owner. www.avon.comOrganisational structureAccording to Carnall, (2007) ideal organisational structure is based on the right balance of information, resources and power to support the organisation objective.On geographically Avon operates business in six regions and has sales operation in 63 countries also products are distributed more than 52 countries in the world. Primarily Avon conducts business through direct marketing and marketing by millions of Avon independen t representative. Generally distributor purchased products direct from Avon on discounted price also Avon provide an opportunity to their representative to manage their business online including two way communication with Avon. Moreover in some countries for instance in USA, representatives can build their own web page for the sales of Avon Products.ORGANISATIONAL CULTUREAccording to Cameron, (2004), if current organisational culture does not support to achieve the organisation objectives or goals then organisation should involves themselves to change organisational cultural in order to achieve the organisational goals. However, since 1866 Avon organisational cultural is the most recognisable and considered the pioneered to sell the cosmetics products via using direct selling model and continue to maintain the same sales model since its foundation. Furthermore, 98% of revenue of the cosmetics product which is 6 billion dollar is come from direct selling model which impressed the o ther cosmetic companies to follow the direct sale model.Appendix 3 illustrates Avons organizational culture by using the cultural web model from Johnson and Scholes (2005).Stakeholder analysisAccording to Spicker (2008) state the stakeholder analysis will explain, how external and internal stakeholder influence on the organisation, and whats there needs and expectations, also what organisation need from each of them.Stakeholder analysis for AvonStakeholderInterestPowerAttitudeExpectations/NeedsGovernmentWorldwideHighHighMixedThe acceptation to meet the all local, case and environmental laws of the country where they operate.ShareholdersHighHighPositiveAlways take interest on maximization of shares value and dividend.CustomersHighLowPositive constrict active interest in products and appearance.CommunitiesLowLowMixedTake interest in the respect of using natural resources, environmental issues and minimization of recycle and reuse practices.SuppliersLowLowNeutralSurety of contracts a nd payment.Take interest to add value to produce the products.MediaMediumMediumNegativeAlways take interest to publish negative factors regarding harmful ingredients of cosmetics products.Executive teamHighHighPositiveNeed to appreciate the whole organisation effort and guard reward and reorganize the effort of representatives and employees worldwide.EmployeesHighLowPositiveExpect to achieve financial need and economical independence and support their happiness.The nominate environmental influencesThe PEST framework categories environmental influences into four main types political, economic, social, technological.Political factorsAvons products Inc business ranges cover many countries and it offers approaches to women who work in those countries to attained financial independence and sizable performance. In some countries, this move is regard as a way to advance the economic return and create in-person wealth. However, owing to the political differences among countries, it cau ses antithetical influences on Avons corporate strategy. For instance, there is a Data Protection Act within the European Union which is aimed at protecting the privacy and safety of in-person information. Different implementation dynamics of this policy in Europe countries will have different effects on Avons representatives calling door to door.Economic factorsThe cardinal dominant factors that influence on customers for buying Avon products are their economical condition, inflation and interest rates. Simultaneously, Avon is also affected by currency fluctuations rates. Avon has employed about 5.3 million representatives and this leads to the free and actively cosmetics market to sell and buy Avons products.Social factorsConsumers preferences and buying powers has changed by time to time and they are related to the local culture and personal working conditions. Countries in different climates and environmental circumstances would commend different cosmetic products for their c itizens and this is a big concern for Avon to reach the goal that not but value and contain the similarities among different customers but also respect and create the differences of their needs. The top objective of Avon is to serve women all over the world with its products to reach their homogeneous aspiration look their best at all places at all time.Technological factorsThe revolution and innovation of technology can influence the behavior of peoples. In the process of researching and product developing, cosmetic industry always put new products into a position of consequence. Avons strategy is to enhance the brand competitiveness through drop millions on the research and development of its products and increasing the advertisement of its products on media..Managing changeAccording to Mullins (2010) External environment can affect the organisational performance and organisation strong performance will depends on the interaction of its external environment.SWOT analysisStren gth Avon products are sold in 110 countries around the world by five millions representatives. The products are sold in comparatively moderate prices. Additionally, features of personalization in customer service, creation in products design and satisfaction guarantee are the key factors which provide Avon a competitive advantage among the cosmetic industry. Furthermore Avon uses variety of electronic order systems to help representatives to increase the accuracy of business process and good business operations. The cost-effective sales strategies and the diversity of business model give Avon the ability to be the superior in cosmetic market. -Revenue growth stableFrom the companys record, it shows there was a stable and forceful growth in recent years which successful outstripped its key competitors. Avons revenue grew at a compounded annual growth rate (GAGR) of 10% during FY2006-2008 and this result a stable operation of the company. Dominant position provides more opportunitie s to attract new consumersAvon is one of four top brand leaders in cosmetic industry with brand value about $5,264 million in the top 100 global customer companies. The pioneered anti-aging skincare and heart and soul category induced Avon with wide business presence and leading position to attract new OpportunitiesWeaknessDeclining trade union American operationThe declining trend of Avons North America business has slowed down in FY2008, but compared with FY2007, the entire revenue of North America has still decreased 4.9 %, and Avons North America operation has contributed 23.3% to the total revenue of the company at last. Obviously, the top line was affected by the weak performance of this geographic segment.OpportunityEmerging marketsThe importance of emerging market such as Brazil with an annual growth of 20%, china which has valued approx $10,200 million with the enormous increase of population in future and the sudden growth of economy will offer a huge potential market f or cosmetic industry .Furthermore The increasingly fierce competitions among cosmetic market, in order to capture the Brazilian market Avon has announced its plan to build the new distribution centre in brazil.Threats,In order to achieve the global testimony in cosmetics business and gain the market share from emerging market, Avon has faced strong competition from its competitors for instance, LOreal, Unilever and Estee Lauder, Revlon and Procter Gamble.ConclusionThis report offers an attempt to understand the major strategic change undergone by Avon Cosmetics Limited. Furthermore, report evaluated the effectiveness of the change in relation to Avons structure, culture. Being a global manufacturer and marketer of beauty and related products and a direct selling organisation, Avon was faced with several challenges in the external environment. The factors were fierce competitions from multinational companies, consumer behaviour worldwide, government rules and regulations, technolog ical and social background. It was found that the major strategic change does relate to the objectives of the organization and matches the organisations capability, including its structure, culture and politics..ReferencesCameron, Esther (2004) Making Sense of Change Management, London (UK), Kogan Page LimitedCarnall, C A. (2007) Managing Change in Organisations. Harlow (UK), Financial multiplication Prentice manseJohnson, G., Scholes, K., and Whittington, R. (2005) Exploring Corporate Strategy. ion. Harlow (UK) Financial Times Prentice HallJohnson, Gerry (2008) Exploring Corporate Strategy, Harlow (UK), Financial Times Prentice HallLynch, Richard L (2006), corporate strategy, Harlow, England, FT/Prentice HallMullins, Laurie J (2010), Management and Organisational Behaviour, Harlow (UK), Financial Times Prentice HallSpicker, Paul (2008) Social policy themes and approaches, Bristol (UK), Financial Times Prentice Hall(2009).Avon Products, Inc. SWOT Analysis, Avon Products, Inc. SWOT Analysis,1. Retrieved from Business Source Premier DatabaseTitleChange Management A Critical Perspective Author(s) Simon Shurville Journal International Journal of Managing Projects in BusinessYear 2008 Volume 1 Issue 3 Start Page 447

Ecological Self :: essays research papers

Diversity is a whirlwind of color with a society. There are no two people in the world that are just now alike. Individuality distinguishes one person or thing from others (Landau, 364 Ed). A persons milieu as a whole an interaction with others, experiences, and time, makes a collage of traits that distinguishes someone as an individual. David Sibleys theory of the ecologic egotism or Identity is bound by his determents of social, cultural, and spatial context. Sibley believes that class, race, gender, and nation shapes our identity, it is a single archetype that is twineed by our experiences from the world. I do not hold back with this claim because people are individuals, not a development of their surroundings. Identity is not a single concept, there are many factors that shape it, environment cannot just effect identity.Sibley is a British sociologist that has dedicated his life to the studies behind the Ecological Self. Sibley claims that the Ecological Self is not inte rnal, it cannot be separated from the physical. The social aligning of the self means that the boundary between self and other is formed through a series of cultural representations of people and things which frequently elide so that the non-human world also provides a context for selfhood (Sibley, 250). The other, that is being spoken of, is also known as the Generalized Other. This is when we cannot separate from the physical and consider it to be the norm. How do I know who I am? Where do I fit in? versed and external forces mold our sense of self. Heredity and personal deterrent example are examples of internal forces. Children are often most effected by this. The forces of physical heritage takes place mainly in childhood, though even as adults we have the possibility of dealing in our personal development (Grunewald, 2). Environment also plays an all important(predicate) role in the formation of self-identity. The surroundings, which can include people, places, and experie nces, mold an individual into whom they become. The past shapes our identities, and builds from our experiences. It is our memories which help us make the connections, gives us the insights, and provides us with the sense of continuity, which is so important for our personal identity (http//ozcountry.com/life/tip5.html). When we go through times of crisis, massive changes, serious illness, deep conflicts or stress, our sense of self can be seriously challenged, particularly if we have not faced such experiences before.Ecological Self essays research papers Diversity is a whirlwind of color through a society. There are no two people in the world that are exactly alike. Individuality distinguishes one person or thing from others (Landau, 364 Ed). A persons environment as a whole an interaction with others, experiences, and time, makes a collage of traits that distinguishes someone as an individual. David Sibleys theory of the Ecological Self or Identity is bound by his determents of social, cultural, and spatial context. Sibley believes that class, race, gender, and nation shapes our identity, it is a single concept that is molded by our experiences from the world. I do not agree with this claim because people are individuals, not a development of their surroundings. Identity is not a single concept, there are many factors that shape it, environment cannot just effect identity.Sibley is a British sociologist that has dedicated his life to the studies behind the Ecological Self. Sibley claims that the Ecological Self is not internal, it cannot be separated from the physical. The social positioning of the self means that the boundary between self and other is formed through a series of cultural representations of people and things which frequently elide so that the non-human world also provides a context for selfhood (Sibley, 250). The other, that is being spoken of, is also known as the Generalized Other. This is when we cannot separate from the physical and consider it to be the norm. How do I know who I am? Where do I fit in? Internal and external forces mold our sense of self. Heredity and personal moral are examples of internal forces. Children are often most effected by this. The forces of physical inheritance takes place mainly in childhood, though even as adults we have the possibility of dealing in our personal development (Grunewald, 2). Environment also plays an important role in the formation of self-identity. The surroundings, which can include people, places, and experiences, mold an individual into whom they become. The past shapes our identities, and builds from our experiences. It is our memories which help us make the connections, gives us the insights, and provides us with the sense of continuity, which is so important for our personal identity (http//ozcountry.com/life/tip5.html). When we go through times of crisis, massive changes, serious illness, deep conflicts or stress, our sense of self can be seriously challeng ed, particularly if we have not faced such experiences before.

The Reform Of Schools :: essays research papers

The Reform of SchoolsThe government of Ontario proposes there is a need to make universally accepted rules in the school system. For students to be more disciplined, the government needs to achieve radical province wide standards. If the new school standards will not discipline the students, and if distributively school entails its guidelines, then the governments province wide mandate of moderate will fail. Moreover, the intervention of the government will not enforce the students to become more disciplined. date the arguments for producing new rules be unrealistic, more powerful arguments can be made supporting the current code of conduct.With the governments proposition to create a new code of conduct, the students will receive more disciplinary action. Just as the law governs society, the province wide guideline governs the student body. Since the rules will be explained, and since the students will ascertain the consequences of their actions, then the students will follo w these rules. Due to the thoroughness and strictness of the outcomes, there will be fewer problems in the school system.Moreover, to separate schools means to separate students. Since the new code of conduct produces equality, and since it sets forth equal status among individuals, then the students will have a standard that the entire province takes part in. Now, the schools are pass from each one entailing their code of conduct. To treating all schools as equals. For example, if a student in Ontario skips out of class, and if the student receives a punishment (making up that class on their time weekends), then the students in other provinces will not skip out of class. Overall, the new bill will make the students who do not unavoidableness to be at school the schools choice, not the students.In opposing this proposition, the intervention of the government will not solve schools individual problems. Since discipline is taking get in schools, and since certain schools acquire m ore disciplinary action from others, then the current code of conduct exemplifies self-discipline and prise towards authority. Purpose for multiple codes of conduct allows the school system to punish the students accordingly. If there was a new province wide standard, there would be one punishment to distribute however, with the current system, teachers are allowed to fluctuate the punishment according to the severity of the crime.In addition, punishments and discipline play an active role in a students development. It is essential in determining respect for themselves and authority.